#### Ions: ** +ve ions: ** When a neutral atom loses electron(s), it becomes a positive ion. Metals have small number of electrons in their valence shells and have strong tendency to lose these electrons (low ionization energy). For example, Na has 11 protons (+11 charge) in the nucleus and 11 electrons (–11 charge) in different shells i.e K(2), L(8), M(1). When it loses one electron from the last M shell, it will have 10 electrons(–10 charge), but the +ve charge inside the nucleus remains the same i.e +11. Hence net charge is 1+ (+11–10). Same is the case with other +ve ions. Note that the ion acquires stable octet or duplet configuration by losing electron(s). ** As many number of electrons an atom loses, same will be the magnitude of +ve charge of the ion. This is nothing but the positive elctrovalancy of the metal atom. ** Ca